Christine Jorgensen Biography

Christine Jorgensen Biography Christine Jorgensen  (May 30, 1926 – May 3, 1989) was the first widely known person to have  sex reassignment surgery – in this case,  male to female. She was born  George William Jorgensen, Jr. , the second child of George William Jorgensen Sr. , a carpenter and contractor, and his wife, the former Florence Davis Hansen. She grew up in the Bronx and later described herself as having been a â€Å"frail,  tow-headed, introverted little boy who ran from fistfights and rough-and-tumble games†. She graduated from  Christopher Columbus High School  in 1945 and shortly thereafter was drafted into the  Army. After being discharged from the Army, Jorgensen attended Mohawk College in  Utica, New York, the Progressive School of Photography in  New Haven, Connecticut, and the Manhattan Medical and Dental Assistant School in New York City, New York. Jorgensen briefly worked for  Pathe News. Returning to New York after military service and increasingly concerned over (as one obituary called it) her â€Å"lack of male physical development†, Jorgensen heard about the possibility of sex reassignment surgery, and began taking the female hormone  ethinyl estradiol  on her own. She researched the subject with the help of Dr. Joseph Angelo, a husband of one of Jorgensen's classmates at the Manhattan Medical and Dental Assistant School. Jorgensen intended to go to Sweden, where the only doctors in the world performing this type of surgery at the time were to be found. At a stopover in Copenhagen  to visit relatives, however, Jorgensen met Dr. Christian Hamburger, a Danish endocrinologist and specialist in rehabilitative hormonal therapy. Jorgensen ended up staying in Denmark, and under Dr. Hamburger's direction, was allowed to begin  hormone replacement therapy, eventually undergoing a series of surgeries. According to an obituary: â€Å"With special permission from the Danish Minister of Justice, Jorgensen had his [sic] testicles removed first and his still-undeveloped penis a year later. Several years later Jorgensen obtained a  vaginoplasty, when the procedure became available in the U. S. , under the direction of Dr. Angelo and a medical advisor Harry Benjamin. Jorgensen chose the name Christine in honour of Dr. Hamburger. She became a spokesperson for  transsexual  and  transgender  people. Famous Asked Questions for Women Famous Women and Their Contribution Abby Kelley Foster Year Honored:  2011 Birth:  1811 –  Death:  1887 Born In:  Massachusetts, Died In:  Massachusetts, Achievements:  Humanities Educated In:  Rhode Island Schools Attended:  Providence Friends School Worked In:  Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan During her lifetime, Abby Kelley Foster followed the motto, â€Å"Go where least wanted, for there you are most needed.    A major figure in the national anti-slavery and women’s rights movements, she spent more than twenty years travelling the country as a tireless crusader for social justice and equality for all. Foster was born into a Quaker family in Pelham, Massachusetts in 1811, and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts at a time when society demanded that women be silent, submissive and obedient. Afte r attending boarding school, she held teaching positions in Worcester, Millbury and Lynn, Massachusetts. In Lynn, she joined the Female Anti-Slavery Society, where she became corresponding secretary and later, a national delegate to the first Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837. The following year, Foster made her first public speech against slavery, and was so well received that she abandoned her teaching career and returned to Millbury. There, she founded the Millbury Anti-Slavery Society and began lecturing for the American Anti-Slavery Society. During the next two decades, Foster served as a lecturer, fundraiser, recruiter and organizer in the fight for abolition and suffrage. In 1850, she helped develop plans for the National Women’s Rights Convention in Massachusetts. There, she gave one of her most well-known speeches, in which she challenged women to demand the responsibilities as well as the privileges of equality, noting â€Å"Bloody feet, sisters, have worn smooth the path by which you come hither. † In 1854, Foster became the chief fundraiser for the American Anti-Slavery Society, and by 1857, she was its general agent. Through the American Anti-Slavery Society, Foster continued to work for the ratification of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. In her later years, once slavery was abolished and the rights of freedmen were guaranteed, Foster focused her activism primarily on women’s rights. She held meetings, arranged lectures, and called for ‘severe language’ in any resolutions that were adopted. In 1868, she was among the organizers of the founding convention of the New England Woman Suffrage Association, the first regional association advocating woman suffrage. Foster’s efforts were among those that helped lay the groundwork for the nineteenth amendment to the U. S. Constitution. Lilly Ledbetter Year Honored:  2011 Birth:  1938 – Born In:  Alabama, Achievements:  Humanities Educated In:  Alabama Schools Attended: Worked In:  Alabama, District of Columbia For more than a decade, Lilly Ledbetter fought to achieve pay equity. It was in Alabama, where Ledbetter was born and raised, that she began a crusade that would eventually lead her all the way to the nation’s capital. In 1979, Ledbetter took a job at the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company in Gadsen, Alabama. Although she was the only woman in her position as an overnight supervisor, Ledbetter began her career earning the same salary as her male colleagues. By the end of her career, however, Lilly was earning less than any of the men in the same position. Although she signed a contract with her employer that she would not discuss pay rates, just before Ledbetter’s retirement an anonymous individual slipped a note into her mailbox listing the salaries of the men performing the same job. In spite of the fact that Ledbetter had received a Top Performance Award from the company, she discovered that she had been paid considerably less than her male counterparts. Ledbetter filed a formal complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission and later initiated a lawsuit alleging pay discrimination. After filing her complaint with the EEOC, Ledbetter, then in her 60s, was reassigned to such duties as lifting heavy tires. The formal lawsuit claimed pay discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Although a jury initially awarded her compensation, Goodyear appealed the decision to the United States Supreme Court. In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled on the Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. ase. In a 5-4 decision, the court determined that employers cannot be sued under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act if the claims are based on decisions made by the employer 180 days ago or more. Due to the fact that Ledbetter’s claim regarding her discriminatory pay was filed outside of that time frame, she was not entitled to receive any monetary award. After that decision, Ledbetter lobbied tir elessly for equal pay for men and women. Her efforts finally proved successful when President Barack Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act into law on January 29, 2009. Ledbetter said of her continuous and persistent efforts, â€Å"I told my pastor when I die; I want him to be able to say at my funeral that I made a difference. † Loretta C. Ford Year Honored:  2011 Birth:  1920 – Born In:  New York, Achievements:  Science Educated In:  New Jersey, Colorado Schools Attended:  Middlesex General Hospital; University of Colorado, School of Nursing, Boulder; University of Colorado, School of Nursing, Denver; University of Colorado, School of Education; Evergreen Institute Worked In:  New Jersey, Colorado, Washington, New York, Japan An internationally renowned nursing leader, Dr. Loretta C. Ford has transformed the profession of nursing and made health care more accessible to the general public. In 1942, Ford received her Diploma in Nursing from Middlesex General Hospital in New Jersey and began her professional career as a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurses’ Association. She went on to serve as a First Lieutenant in the U. S. Army Air Force from 1943-1946. In 1949, Ford received her B. S. from the University of Colorado, School of Nursing, and in 1951, she obtained her M. S. from the same university. From 1948-1958, Dr. Ford held several different roles at the Boulder City County Health Department, and from 1955-1972 she held various teaching positions at the University Of Colorado Schools of Nursing. In 1961, she earned her Ed. D. from the University of Colorado School of Education. In the early 1960s, Dr. Ford discovered that, because of a shortage of primary care physicians in the community, health care for children and families was severely lacking. In 1965, she partnered with Henry K. Silver, a pediatrician at the University of Colorado Medical Center, to create and implement the first pediatric nurse practitioner model and training program. The program combined clinical care and research to teach nurses to factor in the social, psychological, environmental and economic situations of patients when developing care plans. When the program became a national success in 1972, Dr. Ford was recruited to serve as the Founding Dean of the University of Rochester School of Nursing. At the university, Dr. Ford developed and implemented the unification model of nursing. Through the model, clinical practice, education and research were combined to provide nurses with a more holistic education. Dr. Ford is the author of more than 100 publications and has served as a consultant and lecturer to multiple organizations and universities. She holds many honorary doctorate degrees and is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Living Legend Award from the American Academy of Nursing and the Gustav O. Lienhard Award from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Today, it is estimated there are 140,000 practicing nurse practitioners in the United States and close to 9,000 new nurse practitioners are prepared each year at over 325 colleges and universities. Oprah Winfrey Year Honored:  1994 Birth:  1954 – Born In:  Mississippi, United States of America Achievements:  Arts, Business, Philanthropy Educated In:  Tennessee Schools Attended:  Tennessee State University Worked In:  Illinois, Tennessee, Maryland, District of Columbia, California, New York At the heart of everything Oprah Winfrey does, there is a consistent message – that individuals should take personal responsibility for their lives, and to improve the world. Winfrey is the first African-American woman to own her own production company; a talented actress nominated for an Academy Award in her first movie; television's highest-paid entertainer; producer and actress n her own television specials; and the successful host of a syndicated television talk show that reaches 15 million people a day. She does all that she can to eradicate child abuse. As a victim herself, Winfrey knows the damage abuse does to young lives, and she was a major force in the drafting, lobbying and passage of the National Child Protecti on Act, signed into law by President Clinton in 1994. The Act establishes a national registry of child abusers to help employers and those working with children to screen out dangerous people. Winfrey is also a committed philanthropist, providing significant assistance to schools (Morehouse College, Tennessee State University, Chicago Academy of Arts) as well as to the Chicago Public Schools. She also funds battered women's shelters and campaigns to catch child abusers. Billie Holiday Year Honored:  2011 Birth:  1915 –  Death:  1959 Born In:  Maryland, Died In:  New York, Achievements:  Arts Educated In:  Maryland Schools Attended: Worked In:  Maryland, New York, Missouri, California, Illinois, Canada Considered by many to be one of the greatest jazz vocalists of all time, Billie Holiday triumphed over adversity to forever change the genres of jazz and pop music with her unique styling and interpretation. Holiday was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to New York City with her mother at a young age. There, she began work as a maid. However, in 1931, she left that employment to pursue work as a dancer in Harlem nightclubs. At one of those clubs, she was asked to sing. She quickly began singing in many of the Harlem nightclubs and soon established a following of admirers, despite having had no formal musical training. Holiday’s career began to grow, thanks in part to the interest of John Hammond of Columbia Records, who organized her first recording with Benny Goodman in 1933. She debuted at the Apollo Theatre in 1935, and began recording under her own name in 1936. Holiday toured extensively in 1937 and 1938 with the Count Basie and Artie Shaw bands. While on tour, Holiday was often subjected to discrimination. Perhaps Holiday’s most notable collaborations were with legendary saxophonist Lester Young, who gave Holiday her moniker â€Å"Lady Day. Together, they created some of the most important jazz music of all time. Of her groundbreaking vocal style and delivery, Holiday once said, â€Å"I hate straight singing. I have to change a tune to my own way of doing it. That's all I know. † As both a vocalist and a songwriter, Holiday penned  God Bless the Child  and  Lady Sings the Blues,  among others. Her interpretation of the anti-lynching poem Strange Fruit  was als o included in the list of Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. Holiday’s autobiography,  Lady Sings the Blues, was written in 1956. She won five Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Nesuhi Ertugan Jazz Hall of Fame in 2004. Holiday, known for her deeply moving and personal vocals, remains a popular musical legend more than fifty years after her death. In spite of personal obstacles, Holiday inspired many with her vocal gifts and continues to be recognized as a seminal influence on music.

General Evidence To Ipo Under-Pricing

During the 1980s, the market expected an average of 11% returns on the initial public offerings (IPOs) within the first week of opening, which subsequently almost reached up to 21% during the period of 1991-1999. During the magical period of 1999 – 2000, the returns were almost 66%.   These effects can be largely credited to the amendments in the composition of a number of listed companies appearing as public.What is the most prominent reason behind the harsh under pricing of initial public offerings where the returns have been unexpectedly higher?According to the statistics, the IPO under pricing had almost doubled from 7% to 16% from the 1980’s to the late 1990’s. In general, the increase in the under pricing can be pointed towards the previously concealed group troubles between underwriters and issuing firms.Stating in other words, the problems between the two, that were initially not present on the main scene became of overriding importance during the 1999 – 2000. These two propositions are often referred to as the varying composition theory and the agency theory.The first theory of varying composition is supported by the postulation that dicey and unsafe IPO’s will be obviously underpriced by more than less dicey IPO’s. If the percentage of IPOs that correspond to unsafe stocks swells up, then the average under pricing ought to increase (Ritter (1983)).As a note, the number of IPO’s from the Information technology sector has risen up with time. Another significant point to note was that, there exists no proof about the companies which were appearing as public during the late eighties was actually older than those who went into the public sector during the nineties.The average age of an issuing company was around 7 years during the 1980s and 8 years during the 1990s, before it came down to 5 years during 1999-2000 (â€Å"the internet bubble or the magical period†). An analogous outline holds for sale s structure, that there was no secular inclination in the average sales of public companies.In contrast to the late 1980’s, the IPOs which were administered by high profile investment banks / underwriters in the 1990’s, were more highly underpriced than IPO’s which were linked to inferior status under writers or investment institutions.This phenomenon was explained as- since the underwriting in the IPO business became more profitable due to the augmented enthusiasm of firms to put down more money on the table. (Money on the table is defined as – the first-day price change (offer price to close) times the number of shares issued).As a result the underwriters / investment institutions made more profit from the money that was left on the table with the help of a rent-seeking action of buy-side investors. Moreover the market investors are prepared to give higher rates to the underwriters in order to receive IPO allocations.At the same time, the issuing compan ies are also ready to accept higher under pricing from high profile underwriters because of augmentation in the apparent significance of market analyst reporting and superior capital levels.One more reason that has come into light about the causes of IPO under pricing is that the under writers actually want to under price the issue in spite of the gross spread profits that they sacrifice.At the same the issuing firms most of the times do not try to bargain for a higher offer price when they are sure that the demand for the issue will be high enough. A number of firms went public which resulted in an obvious under pricing of IPO’s.According to Lungqist and Wilhelm (2003) as stated in a paper, that the increase in the IPO under pricing during the period of 1996 to 2000, was mainly due to the increased sharing programs like – the friends and family share allotment programs.Even more the number of shares that were owned by the company seniors like managers, CEO and venture capitalists had decreased by a significant amount, which offered fewer profits to them to stay away from harsh under pricing.Lungqist and Wilhelm further advocate that ruthless under pricing of IPO’s is also a consequence of a blend of premeditated under pricing by the issuing firms, who often assume to observe it as a way of drawing market awareness, and essential under pricing in order to pull out information from probable investors about demand for the IPO.In the year 2005, the European market had heaved up more money with the help of the initial public offerings (IPOs) and were able to create a center of attention for a large number of international IPOs as compared to the US exchanges.This increase was due to the increment in the business activities at the London Stock Exchange and in particular to the AIM, which were accountable for more than 53% of the total IPO’s in the year 2005.The London stock exchange has been the most active of the IPO world markets and a s figures suggest, the IPO activity at the LSE is much higher than all the US markets. This paper makes an attempt to further study the under pricing in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) Main market and the AIM.As the study suggests, the cost of raising IPO in the LSE is quite cheaper than on the US markets and there are some reasons that are evidence to this fact. London’s position in terms of measurable costs is similar to that of Euronext and Deutsche Boerse.UNDER PRICING OF IPO – LONDON STOCK EXCHANGEThe capital trading markets all over the world are experiencing a new level of global integration as obstacles to the flow of international funds are being removed slowly. As a result, firms now possess high amounts of flexibility while listing and raising capital.There are locations / markets that can actually prove to be quite cheaper for raising capital. This has given an opportunity to the companies as to select their own choice of trading market around the world kee ping in mind, cost of raising capital, equity, debt and market advantages.The decision of the firms to select a particular market depends upon varied issues like the market size, directness, level of expertise accessible in its financial centre, and the listing procedure involved.Also, there exist several ways to float a company – the choices of which are highly affected by the size of the company, the risk involved, and the authoritarian planning and procedures in each country.   The most common of all the methods in the London Stock Exchange or the LSE are: offer for subscription, an open issue and a stock exchange opening.The under pricing of IPO’s in the market refers to the extensive inspection that regardless of the scheme of entering into the market, the IPO’s be inclined to give considerable returns within days or weeks after the issue has been opened. Rilter (1985), Welch (1987), Ibotsen et al.(1995), Dimson (1979), Buckland et al. (1981), Jenkins and Meyer (1988) point toward the average first day gains at the UK main market which varies from 9 % to 17%. According to Levis and Thomas (1995), during the period from 1985 to 1992, the LSE market had an average first day gains of 1.87% for a total of 106 IPO’s that was issues during the period.

Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Blackberry - Essay Example The reports will conclude with specific approaches for specific managerial problems providing clarity to the reader. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Discussion & Analysis 9 Managerial Decision Making 9 Conclusion 19 Recommendations 21 References 28 Introduction Blackberry is a popular handset device manufactured by the Research in Motion (RIM) headquartered in Waterloo. RIM had revolutionized the mobile industry with the introduction of the Blackberry handset in the year 1999 (Blackberry, 2013a).The launch of Blackberry products and services had changed the lifestyle and perception of the customers. The Blackberry handsets are multifunctional, offering services like capturing videos, games, music application, web browsing, emailing and other miscellaneous functions. The USP of the handset is that it offers instant messaging options to customers while maintaining a high level of security through message encryption and also serves the purpose of a multi digital functional assista nt. Recently, the company launched a tablet named The Blackberry Playbook (Blackberry, 2013b). The handset devices offer services like Enterprise Mobile Computing and Enterprise Mobility Management which enables the customers to utilize advanced technology and solve their problems. The blackberry technical services support system extends technical services and guidance to customers having problem in using the handset. The company’s stock is listed in NASDAQ and BBRY and the group is currently led by Mr. Thorsten Heins. The report highlights the various challenges faced by the management of Blackberry and the root cause of the problems. The author of the report will also provide remedial solutions which could have prevented the matter from aggravating further. The company has been facing severe technological, managerial and human resource challenges which will be highlighted in the report. The report will also highlight the various causes which led to downfall of the company a nd reduction in the market share. Finally, the report will conclude with suggestions that can help improve the existing strategic position of Blackberry. Background of the Problem The company’s popularity soared with the introduction of the Blackberry Pager and the Blackberry Pearl 8100. The pager become one of the most popular mobile handsets of and had attracted several customers. The CEO of Verizon communications was one of the first business enterprises had ordered RIM interactive pagers worth $70 million. The Blackberry Pearl phone was a unique phone which offered services like instant messaging, excellent camera features, smooth touch interface and other strong multimedia capabilities. The introduction of Blackberry Pearl 8100 was largely influenced by the emergence of Apple iPhone. Initially, the management of Blackberry did not consider the emergence of Apple iPhone as a threat due to its immense popularity however with the increase in the sales of Apple iPhone the ma nagement of Blackberry started considering Apple as serious threat. The sudden emergence of Apple in the mobile phone industry prompted the management of Blackberry to develop advanced phones like Blackberry Storm. Blackberry Storm was the first touch screen phone developed by Blackberry to attract potential customers. Blackberry had become a majority revenue contributor for RIM. However, the sales of the company started declining and the

Medical Genetic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Medical Genetic - Essay Example Offspring with diabetic father and those with diabetic mother show negligible difference in symptoms save for the high LDL-cholesterol identified in those with diabetic mothers. On the other hand, children with diabetic mothers have low hypertension prevalence than those with diabetic fathers. If II: 2 is heterozygous, her genotype will be Mm. III: 1 will be heterozygous in that situation. Looking at how diabetes fulfils the criteria in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY; 613370), Edghill et al. (2008) indicates heterozygosity transmission in a third generation family with three members affected. 7. Yes. Studying the historical nature of the Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the young, it is indicated that patients may not show symptoms of the disease and that diagnosis may be made only when they reach old age. This is because the onset of diabetes, whether, genetic like in this case can be inhibited by the youthful active nature. Youths are very physically active and this can possibly regulate the onset of diabetes. 8. This is a transverse reaction. The amino acids changed because there was a deletion of the TTC trinucleotide in there codons. This is a non-conservative substitution reaction whereby Gly 148 (GGG), which is considered normal, becomes Arg148 (AGG). 9. DNA replication may be affected by strand slippage or crossover events which are unequal. Repetitive sequences at the misalignments cause deletions and nucleotide addition to the molecules of DNA. During substitution, there will be 1 DNA molecule holding a deletion and one having an insertion. The events above occurs when the mismatch repair mechanism fails, failure of direct repair, and nucleotide-excision repair. 5. This is a Mendelian inheritance.For a trait to be Mendelian, the child that receives the allele that is dominant from either of the parent has to have the trait that is dominant in form. The possession of the phenotype that is recessive occurs only when

Discourse and Representation (Critically assess the relevance of Essay

Discourse and Representation (Critically assess the relevance of Marxist theory to the study of Media Texts) - Essay Example No doubt, they are based on his concept; but the way they have spread their tentacles far and wide today, Marx himself would have found it difficult to recognise them and the relationship between the media and Marxism is one such field. Liberal pluralism and freedom of speech come distractingly closer to Marxist theorists in this field. "Marxist theorists tend to emphasize the role of the mass media in the reproduction of the status quo, in contrast to liberal pluralists who emphasize the role of the media in promoting freedom of speech," http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism01.html (Daniel Chandler). To Marxists, capitalistic society is one that is dominated by the dominant class and media is a part of such a society. It also represents a pluralist view and diverse values from various classes in the society. Graham Murdock spoke about 'political economy' and according to such thinkers, economic foundation is much more important than the ideology. These ideologies are mainly dealing with the construction of ownership and control at different stages of media production. "The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. ... Marxist theory applies the same owner-worker yardstick to every eventuality without fail. Worldviews and ideas are coming from the ruling class and naturally, according to Marxist theorists, most of them are biased, as the ruling class is in charge of presenting those ideas in their own way. It does not allow workers to send the clearer ideas and this makes the Media a region for class struggle. Existing power relations are usually maintained and promoted by media for decades now. Developing alternative theories in the place of what is always taken for granted is a comparatively recent approach opening new ideas for Marxist theorists. 'From each according to his ability and to each according to his needs' is the main rule of Marxism. Information stretched and spread for common consumption shows a comparative consistency. When the unprecedented 9/11 attacks took place, mass media and Marxist theories worked with great bonhomie. Theorists could see Marxism in the attacks on capitalism. Even though Marxism never facilitated plural voices, and the media is awfully restricted in Marxist rules, Marxist theorists applied various theories to the media presentation of the incident on the aftermath of the attacks. Theories and media texts revolutionalised the entire social structures of the world after this event. "A social formation consists of three practices: the economic, the political and the ideological. The relationship between the base and the superstructure is not one of expression, i.e., the superstructure being an expression or passive reflection of the base," Storey, (p.110). Academy Award Winner, Michael Moor's film, Fahrenheit 911 has been one of the most controversial movies in recent years, based on the disastrous

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 33

Case Study - Essay Example This essay focuses on the advantages of making use of networking based system in the company. Moreover, the steps into which the formulation of the project should through are discussed. A cost estimation of the project is also put into consideration. Transforming JAMS manufacturing company to a networking based system, replacing the older machines with new ones and inclusion of additional servers for the networks, will give the company a wide variety of advantages. Replacing the older machines with new ones and upgrading the computers will make transformation to the networked system an easier task. For instance, Microsoft Windows 95 or Windows 98 will be limited to using peer-to-peer network. Upgrading the computers with Windows such as NetWare or Windows NT will allow configuration of the computers to a server-based network which have lots of pros compared to peer-to-peer network (Entrepreneur Media, 2015). Networks allow connection of computers and users of the computers in a premise (Kozierok, 2005). In this case, JAM Company can make use of Wide Area Networks (WAN) which will make it possible for network users to communicate to each other. This will make transmission of business information more efficient, easier and less ex pensive than it would be without the network. Moreover, networking allows for sharing of data (Kozierok, 2005). Before, employees would make use of â€Å"shoe-based network† which meant transmission of data physically. For this reason, work was hectic and tiresome. Networking allows thousands of employees in the company to share data much more easily and quickly. The use of internet has become a must thing for every organization. Small computer networks allow multiple users to share a single internet connection. This makes connection easier to allocate to various individuals as they need it and allow the organization

Choosing successful industry in Saudi Arabia Assignment

Choosing successful industry in Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example The equipments extracted petroleum from within Saudi Arabia’s territory. Consequently, the Saudi Government hired employees from the other countries. The Saudi government targeted employees from countries plagued with high unemployment rates. The countries include India, and other Asian countries. As expected, huge groups of job applicants flocked into Saudi Arabia to get high paying petroleum industry jobs (Kane 2). Employees of the petroleum companies enjoy comfortable working conditions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s labor law article 146 and article 147 clearly requires the employer to exert extra efforts to comply with the benefits prescribed in the Saudi Arable labor law. The benefits include housing, camping, suitable healthcare facilities, and free meals. The schools are set up in order to fill the school needs of the petroleum workers and the school needs of the children. Saudi Arabia hires laborers to extract and export the Saudi Petroleum products. The oil field employees include low skilled oil labors. In addition, the Saudi Government hires engineers who will ensure smooth oil production (Kane 14). Knowledge resources. Saudi Arabia hired the expertise of engineers from other countries to help ensure smooth petroleum productions. With the expertise of the Saudi ARAMCO engineers and other labor employees, Saudi ARAMCO continues to successfully extract petroleum from within Saudi Arabia’s borders. Similarly, the expertise of the Saudi ARAMCO engineers and experienced petroleum employees contributed to the successful export of the country’s petroleum products to other countries (Wynbrandt 200). Saudi Arabia hired the petroleum research knowledge expertise of the United States firm, Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL) to find petroleum. Consequently, the hired American company discovered oil in Saudi Arabia in 1932 in Bahrain. An entity, Iraq Petroleum Company, was formed that included

Ideology in Heart of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ideology in Heart of Darkness - Essay Example As per , Yanse(2008)â€Å"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad is a story of a man’s journey into Africa’s dark heart to find a missing explorer. This is a metaphor for the journey into the dark heart of man†. This journey gave realization to the author that white and black skin color does not have relativity to the purity of the heart. He in this book focuses on the ideologies like White ideology, imperialism and slavery on the black race of Africa. â€Å"Conrad warns us of the â€Å"fascination of the abomination† and the â€Å"regrets, the longing to escape, the powerless disgust, the surrender, the hate, that would ensue when we encounter the truly wild other out there†(Harkins). Here the main ideology reflected by the writer is the white ideology, imperialism and slavery practiced by the white over the black men. It is unfortunate to know that white considers themselves to be a superior race and attempts forcefully to conquer the black for the purpose of slavery. According to Conrad, the white men are considered white only because of their skin surface and their heart is completely covered with evilness and darkness. The dominant white ideology largely reflects the aspect of cruelty, violence and arrogance of Europeans race. Here Kabala (2001) states that, â€Å"Africa's campaign for reparations for the injustices of slavery and colonialism recently gained significant ground.†Slavery and the slave trade were appalling tragedies ... a crime against humanity, and should always have been so,† Dominance of White Ideology White ideology is the core racist thoughts and principles of Europeans which gives an idea that only whites are exceptionally beautiful, ideal and perfect among all races. In olden times, the white men considered their race to be superior and believed that all the richness and wealth belongs to them exclusively. According to Post Colonial (2002)â€Å"A large part of colonial expressions of dista ste for African treatment of women and consequent reformist zeal arose in the fact that women's work effectively removed African men from the control of colonial power, ideology, and economic pressures†. White practiced hostile attitudes to the other races and treated them as slaves and servants, which is a heinous act. This can be counted as a sort of imperialism where a stronger race or nation takes over other race by power or by force. Caswell(2003)writes that,â€Å"Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life† .This white ideology lead to the emergence of violence and atrocities of the west to the people of other ethnic backgrounds. The author Joseph Conrad in his book â€Å"Heart of darkness† states that men of white clan show their dominance on black people, just because their skin is black in color. Europeans, who took over the lands of Africans and exploited their nati onal wealth and power, also did not forget to torture them to great level. The author in his book mentions that just being white in complexion does not imply that they are good at heart. The author being white could never separate himself from his white racial background and on the other hand, he also despised the cruel mentality of white men towards the black race. The

My Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

My Leadership Style Essay According to the leadership assessment, I am more of task-oriented leader than a people-oriented leader, though I scored high in both areas, therefore I have a healthy balance of both which is important for a leader in any company. My leadership style allows me to get my work completed in an organized fashion, while being open to other ideas; I can focus on the small projects while continuing to see the big picture or vision. Because I score higher on the task-oriented side, I can be more autocratic in my thinking. This will limit my ability to show my apathy for my staff and employees Furthermore, I am also a transformational and charismatic leader. I am most effective in smaller organizations that have direct interactions with my staff. According to Robbins, this helps to make me effective as a leader, which will give a company â€Å"low turnover, higher productivity, lower employee stress, and burnout, and higher employee satisfaction.† Furthermore, Robbins shared that this leadership style is not effective with those who are â€Å"highly individualistic and do not readily cede decision-making authority.† Since I am able to communicate with my staff the expectations, visions ad engage my staff, I also have a Charismatic leadership style. I continuously focus on the end goal, big picture and tie that big picture to the work of my staff, making it attainable to my staff. One of the major downsides to charismatic leadership is that it can be situational, according to Robbins. Role in Company The role I would like to pursue within the company is that of a managerial supervisor. According to Robbins, organizations need strong leadership and  strong management for optimal effectiveness. I feel that because I have leadership and managerial traits and characteristics, I would be a great candidate for that particular role. In a managerial supervisory role, I am a direct leader. I work directly with my staff on a one-on-one basis and in a team format; I will have more influence directly on my staff. As the managerial supervisor, I am able to support, recognize, develop, plan, and coach/mentor my staff while monitoring, setting goals, and overseeing day to day operations. This is evident because of my healthy balance of task and people orientation. Leadership theories applicable to my leadership approach The Big Five Trait Leadership Theory is applicable to my leadership approach because research has shown that the big five personality factors are strong indicators for job success and performance. I scored high in the areas of extroversion and conscientiousness. The positive factors about scoring high on conscientiousness’s is that overall, those with high marks in this area have better job performance and those are more reliable, thorough, organized, angle to plan, and persistent according to the assessment. These traits are consisted with those of task-oriented leaders. However, the Leadership Substitute Theory would be counter indicated for the areas of subordinate, task, and group/organizational characteristics. This is because my staff could need little direction from me as their supervisor if they have extensive experience. Also, when staff repeats their task over and over, they become proficient and don’t need feedback, but are building their own motivation. As a task-oriented, transformational, and charismatic leader, I would struggle more with staff who are more independent or did not work well in the group. I like to give freedom to my staff, but my style makes it necessary to know what is going on in the jobs at all times. Conclusion My leadership style is transformational, charismatic with my main focus on task-oriented management. I work hard to inspire my staff, while also meeting deadlines. I focus better when I’m working with a team rather than individuals who do their own thing. Research has shown that my leadership style is an asset to many companies if utilized in the right way. This is why I would like a position that allows me to shine, take the lead of a team, while focusing on the companies â€Å"big picture.† References Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Yuki, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Recreation, Leisure and Play Essay Example for Free

Recreation, Leisure and Play Essay The idea of leisure has been in existence for many centuries and has come to have many different meanings depending on the period in history or the civilization that it originated from. From as early as Ancient Greece, Rome or Babylonia, the term we now know as leisure has existed in some form or another. As has been widely noted in introductory recreation texts, schole was both the ancient Greek word for leisure meaning, â€Å"serious activity without the pressure of necessity† and is the root of the English word for school (Godbey, 2003). To the ancient Greeks, leisure, education, and culture were intertwined. In other words, learning was available only for the rich, people with the wealth to afford free time. Leisure, as we know it today, has changed from the original meaning of the word. From what I have read and found in various books and articles, Leisure can be defined in 3 different ways: leisure defined as a state of being or a state of mind, leisure defined as an activity, and leisure defined as time. I will discuss the various definitions of leisure today and then discuss my issues with each definition. Leisure Defined as a State of Mind Leisure defined as a state of mind is, in my mind, the least often used definition of the word. The way to understand this concept would be use it in the context such as â€Å"someone who is at leisure†; meaning freedom from anxiety, obligation, or constraint or having an internal locus of control. Locus of Control refers to an individuals perception of main causes of events in life. More simply, having an internal locus of control means that you believe that you are the master of your own destiny. John Neulinger (1974) states: Leisure has one and only one essential criterion, and that is the condition of perceived freedom. Any activity carried out freely, without constraint or compulsion, may be considered to be leisure. â€Å"To leisure† implies being engaged in any activity as a free agent and of one’s own choice. (p. 12) Now I want you to keep in mind this idea of leisure as any activity of one’s own free willed decision because I am going to touch on it again during the leisure defined as time. Leisure Defined as an Activity Leisure defined as an activity is used widely as well. Most people would agree that leisure activity is something that is fun and enjoyable during a non-working time. This idea makes it difficult to pinpoint a leisure activity though. Understanding if the activity is performed for intrinsic or extrinsic purposes may be the deciding factor whether the activity is leisure or not. The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties plays an essential role in stating several interesting philosophical problems. Why am I performing this action? If you are doing the activity because you enjoy it, then you are performing it for its intrinsic value. If you do not want to participate in an activity, but you know that you will benefit from the activity, you are performing it for its extrinsic value. An example would be a person who practices on the piano because they like to play, versus a person who practices piano because they want to win a music contest. Who of the two is experiencing leisure as an activity? Most people would agree that the first person is definitely experiencing leisure as an activity. The second person is where the debate lays. It is the same exact activity as the first person, but the motivation for performing the activity is different. I feel that as long as you, as a free willed individual, choose to perform any activity then you are experiencing leisure as an activity because you are fulfilling your desires. I feel that the only time when you are may not experience leisure is when you are dying. If you have lived a long life and eventually die from old age, I do not believe that you made the decision out of free will to pass away. Although, if a person commits suicide, does that persons free willed decision make the act of dying a leisure activity? Some good questions to ask: If your career is your passion, are you always at leisure? Conversely, is a person without a job always at leisure? Musicians, professional athletes, and the homeless are all specific examples of situations that may help answer these questions. Leisure Defined as Time Leisure defined as time may be the most commonly understood meaning of the word today because of its positive connotations (Martin, 1975). People often use the word leisure and the term free time interchangeably. On the surface this definition seems fine, but as you delve deeper and ask difficult questions, it starts to become less clear. What is free time? Free time is defined as time free of obligations or responsibilities, or time to do with what you please. As Neulinger stated his definition of leisure, performing the activity out of free will is the deciding factor for whether it is leisure or not. This idea brings this thought to mind. All human beings have been blessed with the gift of free will; a consciousness of who we are and of the decisions we make. Without consciousness we would still be aware of what is going on around us, but we would react to it in a reflexive, instinctive way. With consciousness, we can deliberately weigh what the senses tell us, and respond accordingly. If this definition holds true, shouldn’t all of life be considered leisure? Every decision, every action, comes from our decisions of our own free will. If we continue with this thought, some questions arise: †¢ Are there any instances in life that would prevent you from experiencing free will? †¢ Do we always make decisions based on our desires? †¢ Do having priorities that are not in sync with our desires negate our free will? These questions came after having a conversation with my friend. She told me that when you are a parent, you have obligations to your children that may interfere with your free time. This is where the damn breaks open and it is up to the individual to decide. Her question was, â€Å"What if my needs as a parent cannot be fulfilled because I have work to make sure my kids are fed and clothed? † I feel that even though you have the responsibility as a parent to provide for your children, you made the decision to have a child knowing full well the obligations and responsibilities that would ultimately come with that decision. Free time, who would have thought two little words, would bring up so many questions? My Definition of Leisure After contemplating on the various definitions of the term leisure I propose the following: Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Recreation Recreation is any activity which is relaxing to humans or provides diversions from their normal routine, and in many ways is also a therapeutic refreshment of ones body or mind. Any activity can potentially be a recreational one. Vacations to exotic islands, sporting events, meditation, watching television, or playing monopoly are all forms of recreation. A key factor to the activity being considered a recreational activity is whether or not it is pleasurable. If the activity is not pleasurable then the activity cannot be considered recreational because it is not rejuvenating to the body or mind. For example, a couple travels to the Caribbean for a second honeymoon. They have planned the vacation far in advance and the tickets and reservations are non-refundable. Upon arriving, the weather is awful and the couple is unable to participate in any of the activities they had planned for the trip. Even though the fact they were engaging in a commercial recreational activity, the weather prevented them from having an enjoyable time and therefore the vacation was not recreating to oneself or another. With the information provided, this vacation would not be classified as recreation. Fairchild defined recreation as â€Å"any activity pursued during leisure, either individual or collective, that is free and pleasurable, having its own immediate appeal, not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself† (Fairchild, 1944). Another aspect of recreation was presented by Gray and Greben (1974) as: an emotional condition within an individual human being that flows from a feeling of well-being and self-satisfaction. It is characterized by feeling of mastery, achievement, exhilaration, acceptance, success, personal worth, and pleasure. It reinforces positive self-image. Recreation is a response to aesthetic experience, achievement of personal goals, or positive feedback from others. It is independent of activity, leisure, or personal acceptance. (p. 23) This definition is not focused on the activity itself, but on the individual’s reaction to the activity; the individuals state of mind. I would agree that this definition touches the heart of the subject much better. I stated earlier that any activity has the potential of being a recreational activity. This is true because it depends on how the individual feels about the activity. Most people experience pleasure during activities like exercise, sports, relaxing, and vacationing. If you think along these lines then it is easy to understand why some activities are generalized as recreational and why some are not. Although some people consider work pleasurable, most people do not love their job. This is why I believe that work is not universally accepted as recreational. My Definition of Recreation After contemplating on the various definitions of the term recreation I propose the following: Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. Play Leisure and recreation as I discussed them are states of mind experienced by an individual. Play, although related to these concepts, is different in the fact that it is a means to achieve this positive state of mind which all living beings desire. Play has existed since the beginning of time. Johan Huizinga (1950) described the characteristics of play as: †¢ Voluntary behavior †¢ Stepping outside of â€Å"ordinary life† †¢ Secluded and limited in time and space †¢ Not serious but absorbs the player intensely †¢ Bounded by rules †¢ Promoting formation of social groups that surround themselves with secrecy As you read the characteristics, you realize that they appear in all forms of play. Although play is a common occurrence within all ages of life, it is a concept that it liked to immaturity in today’s society. The Instinctual Aspect of Play. Play is a puzzle to scientists. Why do animals spend so much time and energy doing such silly things that seem to have no purpose? The struggle for survival in nature is deadly serious. What place is there for activities that dont help animals eat, grow, and reproduce? Play is also very risky. Animals can break bones, pull muscles, or get bitten too hard. In a study of 14 Siberian ibexes (wild goats), more than one-third were hurt badly enough during play to cause limps-a serious concern in the race for survival. And animals can become so wrapped up in play that they are unaware of danger. One study showed that 80 percent of the deaths among young fur seals occurred because the playing pups didnt see predators coming! (Braaf 2003,  ¶ 4) Why is play worth the risk? Many scientists believe its essential for survival-as important as food or sleep. Why Play? Most scientists believe that when animals play, they are practicing skills theyll need later in life. This is why different kinds of animals play in different ways. Young predators, such as wolves, lions, and bears, play by stalking, pouncing, biting, and shaking their heads from side to side. Theyre honing their skills for when they will run down, catch, and kill prey. When a wolf pup chases its own tail, bites it, and yanks it back and forth, the pup is rehearsing skills itll need one day as a hunter. Research shows that smarter animals spend more time playing. Elephants play more than horses. Chimps play more than macaques. Wolves play more than rabbits. And parrots play more than either ducks or sparrows. Smarter animals also play in more creative and complex ways. Not surprisingly, humans and chimpanzees are among the most playful species. (Braaf 2003,  ¶ 9) Here are three questions to start with: Why do humans play? Is play something that is learned, or is it instinctual? And what purpose does it serve in humans? To answer the first question, Godbey (2003) presents the following: If you put a person in a dark tank of water heated to same temperature as their body in a dark room devoid of sound, their need for stimulation will be so great that they will usually start to hallucinate. If you are walking down the street with nothing much absorbing your attention, you may start to notice cracks in the sidewalk and make up a game in which you have to avoid stepping on them. (p. 46) In conclusion, humans need stimulation. If the mind is idle then the person will seek out the stimulation in his or her surroundings. Whether or play is instinctual or learned, I believe that it is both. Most games that we play are learned, such as baseball, hide and seek, or even make believe games such as house. Obviously, not all forms of play are taught though. As in the example from Godbey, a person will make up a form of play if there are no other options for stimulation. Finally to understand the purpose of play in humans we must first discuss the four forms of play developed by Caillois (1958). †¢ The pursuit of vertigo in which one tries to momentarily destroy the stability of perception, escaping reality for the moment. †¢ Games of chance †¢ Make Believe †¢ Contests which require appropriate training, the application of skill, and the desire to win As in animals in the wild, play is used to hone a person’s skill for later in life. Some examples of this are interacting with other children on the playground, which will increase social skills, hitting rocks with a stick, which will increase hand-eye coordination, and cloud watching, which will develop a persons imagination. My Definition of Play After contemplating on the various definitions of the term play I propose the following: Play is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. How Leisure, Recreation, and Play Relate Now that I have discussed my definitions of leisure, recreation, and play, I will explain how my definitions are related to one another. As I stated earlier, Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Life, to me, is leisure because of our ability to act out of free will. The question should not be, â€Å"Is this activity a leisure activity? †, but rather, â€Å"Is this activity considered good or bad leisure? † Recreation, I feel, is a subset of leisure. All of recreation can be considered leisure, but not the converse. Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. The reason that not all of leisure can be considered recreation is because not all of life is recreating to the mind and spirit. Play is a subset of recreation. Similar to leisure and Recreation, all of play is recreation, but not the converse. Play is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. The main difference is that play is bounded by rules where recreation is not. Some examples of recreation that are not considered play would be meditation, reading, or watching TV. If you look at the following diagram, I think it makes it easier to understand the relationship between all three of the concepts. [pic] Leisure is all encompassing. Within it lays recreation and play. Although they are both within leisure there are still some aspects of leisure that are not considered recreation. This blue arrow points to this area. The red arrow points to the area that is recreational but does not classify as play. Quality of Life The well-being or quality of life of a person is an important concern when trying to understand leisure, recreation, and play in an individual’s life. Understanding quality of life is today particularly important in health care, where monetary measures do not readily apply. Decisions on what research or treatments to invest the most in are closely related to their effect of a patients quality of life. There are many components to well-being. A large part is standard of living, the amount of money and access to goods and services that a person has; these numbers are fairly easily measured. Others components like freedom, happiness, art, environmental health, and innovation are far harder to measure and are generally considered to be more important. There are two main strategies we can adopt to improve the quality of life in our everyday lives. The first is to try making external conditions match our goals. The second is to change how we experience external conditions to make them fit our goals better. Neither of the strategies is effective when used alone. Changing external conditions might seem to work at first, but if a person is not in control of his or her consciousness, the old fears or desires will soon return, reviving previous anxieties. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 89) For instance, feeling secure is an important component of happiness. The sense of security can be improved by purchasing a gun for home protection, placing security locks on the front door, having an alarm unit installed, or moving to a safer neighborhood. All of these actions would fall under making our external conditions fit our goals better. One also has to understand that perfect safety is, in all reality, not possible and risks are inevitable. Once a person understands this then the threat of insecurity will not have as great of a chance of having a person live in fear; ultimately ruining ones quality of life. In society today, wealth, status and power have become symbols of happiness. People often assume that the rich and famous have very rewarding lives just because of their status. We often assume that life would be better if we were in other peoples shoes. The reality of the situation is that quality of life does not depend directly on what others think about us or what we own, but rather how we feel about ourselves and what happens to us in our everyday lives. Some people today suffer from affluenza, the bloated, sluggish and unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to keep up with the Joneses. It is an epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused by dogged pursuit of the American Dream. In layman’s terms, affluenza is experienced when people have the mentality that their possessions is what defines them as an individual. This is not to say that having nice things, being famous, or being is peak physical condition are irrelevant to happiness. These things can be genuine blessings but only if they make us feel better without having to sacrifice other important aspects of our life. Research on happiness suggests that in general, there is a mild correlation between wealth and well-being. Given these observations, instead of worrying about how to make a million dollars or how to win friends and influence people, it seems more beneficial to find out how everyday life can be made more harmonious and more satisfying, and thus achieve by a direct route what cannot be reached through the pursuit of symbolic goals (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 91). How Leisure, Recreation and Play Affect Quality of Life Everyone is familiar with stress. We experience it in varying forms and degrees every day. In small doses, stress can actually be beneficial to us. It is only when the stress becomes too great, affecting our physical or mental functioning, that it becomes a problem. The stress response of the body is meant to protect and support us. To maintain stability or homeostasis, the body is constantly adjusting to its surroundings. When a physical or mental event threatens this equilibrium, we react to it. This process is often referred to as the fight or flight response. We prepare for physical action in order to confront or flee a threat. When it is part of a natural reaction to challenge or danger, the body’s response is called positive stress. However, when you feel out of control or under intense pressure, you may experience the physical, emotional, or relational symptoms brought on by negative stress. Stress can cause both physical and emotional in an individual’s life. Stress adversely affects reproduction, sexual behavior, and growth. Stress inhibits the immune system, making you more vulnerable to colds, flu, fatigue and infections. Leisure, recreation and play are natural ways to reduce negative stress that builds up in the body therefore improving ones quality of life. The human body is like any other system in nature. If we don’t have ways to vent our stress from everyday life through activities that are pleasurable, we will start to experience the negative side effects of stress. Final Thoughts My thoughts on the subject of leisure, recreation, and play before this paper could not be further from where my thoughts are now. I feel that too much emphasis is placed on unimportant things today. Society, more so than ever, has gotten into the habit of treating the symptoms of people, instead of treating the individual. I feel that having a better understanding of the concepts of recreation, leisure, and play and the role they play in your life will ultimately lead to a happier and hopefully longer life. Refrences Braaf, E. (2003). Why animals love to play. Retrieved September 20, 2006, from Find Articles Website: http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa4128/ is_200311/ai_n9307508/pg_1 Caillois, R. (1958). Man, play and games. Glencoe, IL: The Free press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York, NY. Harper and Row. Fairchild, H. (1944). Dictionary of sociology (pp. 251-252). New York, NY: Philosophical Library. Godbey, G. (2003). Leisure in your life: An exploration. State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Gray, D. and Greben, S. (1974, July). Future Perspectives. Parks and recreation, 61, 49 Hiuzinga, J. (1950). Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. Boston, MA: Beacon Press Martin, A. (1975, March). Leisure and our inner resources. Parks and Recreation, 69. 1-16 Neulinger, J. (1974). The psychology of leisure: Research approaches to the study of leisure. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas Publishers.